achmed zaoie


About 37 percent of all hospitalizations for cancer occur in patients over the age of 65. Most smoking-related cancers, including lung cancer, show an increasing trend in the number of hospital discharges starting after age 35.

injuries are classified as either unintentional or intentional."l injury data in chile are constrained by the poor quality of death certification in terms of specifying types of trauma and poisons causing death, possible biases in hospital discharge statistics, and exclusion from police statistics of all deaths caused by injuries which occuffed after accidents. iho codes for all injuries under the icd9 are in chapter xvii. the age-specific mortality rate from injuries in chile is comparable to the rates in brazil (63.
of all injuries in chile, the principle cause of mortality is traffic accidents, with an age- adjusted mortality rate of 7. the second leading cause of injury deaths in chile are suicides with an age-adjusted mortality rate of 5. men are more prone to injuries than "omen in chile, particularly from traffic accidents, drowning, suicides, and homicides.
the disparity between the sexes has become even greater in the last 30 years. the occurrence of injuries has been much higher in regions which are predominantly agricultural and rural, such as o'higgins, maule, bio-bio, araucania, and los lagos, probably due to lack of or limited safety measures affecting housing, labor, and transportation. among the specific causes of injury deaths there has been a remarkable reduction in the age-adjusted mortality rate for asphyxiation and drowning from 14. as shown elsewhere, the increase in child injuries may be due to the greater availability of household electrical appliances, which are potential causes of household injuries, particularly in crowded living spaces, and poor supervision of children that may result from the increasing number of mothers who w-ork outside the home and the limited availability of child care centers for low socioeconomic groups.
dises contrml priorities in developing countries. historical trends, however, have to be interpreted with caution because they are likely to be influenced by changing criteria for reporting accidents to the police. buses are most often involved in traffic accidents as measured by crashes per vehicle. traffic accidents are more prevalent in more urbanized regions. however, these tend to be minor accidents as compared to those in rural locations, where the rate of injury and death per accident are higher, mainly due to high speed driving on highways and bicycle riders being overrun by motor vehicles. the increase in traffic accidents may be attributed in great part to the sharp increase in the overall number of vehicles in chile, particularly since the latter part of the 1970's. in addition, the category "not obeying traffic laws" is not specific enough for analysis. there are also few alcohol- and speed- related accidents listed; this is questionable, particularly in view of data from the metropolitan region legal medical service which indicate that during the 1980's between one-third and one-half of all fatal traffic accidents, suicides, and homicides in santlago were associated with eccessive alcohol intake.
although there are no reliable data, it is assumed that a similar proportion of drowning and fatal bum accidents are related to alcohol abuse. the average hospital length of stay is highest for bum victims (15. copd is a family of diseases whose main characteristic is the obstruction of air flow to the lungs because of resistance in the air passages or a loss of lung elasticity. chronic bronchitis and emphysema are included in this group of diseases, but bronchial asthma is not.'3 the principal risk factors in copd are smoking (by far the most important), pollution (which acts as an exacerbating factor), and some occupational exposure. in the natural history of copd there is a lapse of 20 to 40 years from the appearance of the first symptoms to respiratory insufficiency and death, which means that actions on risk factors take years to exert their effect. in chile, mortality due to copd has risen in the last few decades, a worrisome trend which signals the need for preventive measures to combat the disease, particularly for controlling modifiable risks such as smoking.
among the chilean adult population, it is estimated that 78 percent of copd in men and 72 percent of copd in women can be attributed to smoking. figure a-13 shows the age-adjusted rates for mortality due to copd among the adult population, where an increase is observed in the last 30 years from 4. mortality rates in men due to copd are 1.6 times higher than in women and progress with age, particularly after the age of 55 years, reflecting a longer and hevier smolkng 13. tie codes for copd under the icd9 are in chapter vm. mortality rates in men due to copd are 1.6 times higher than in women and progress with age, particularly after the age of 55 years, reflecting a longer and heavier smoking experience among men. there seems to be an inverse relationship between socioeconomic status and copd. although information on risk factors for copd in chile is scarce, some studies do permit inferences for the relationship between copd and environmental contamination.
for example, one epidemiological study showed a relatively higher risk for irritative lung disease, bronchial obstruction, and pneumonia in santiago, a city with high contamrination levels as compared with los andes, a city with low environmental contamination.14 also, there is a documented relationship between certain occupations and copd, such as miners and those working in the chemical industry, metal foundries, and glass and ceramic industries.
since copd patients cannot be cured, this condition contributes significantly to the disability burden of the country, particularly among the older age groups. treatment can only relieve the symptoms and improve the quality of life of the patient. this trend may be explained by improved outpatient care, including home care. most hospitalizations are of individuals older than 55 years of age. estudio apidemiol6gico sobre oicto do la contamincin atmosfdrica. informe pars la bintndencia regional metropolitana do santiago. prevalencia de bronquitis cr6nica en residentes do la provincia el loa, ii region, chile. tesis pars optar al grado do magister en salud pdblica. escudla do salud pdblica, universidad de chile. diabetes is group of that in high blood sugar levels due to absolute or insulin deficiency."7 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (iddm) or type i, which may appear at age, is most frequently in and young adults ( < 30 years of ) and requires injection of ; its most common cause is destruction of cells. the most common form of is -insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (niddm), which usually appears after age 40 and is associated with obesity and genetic factors and modem lifestyles like life, dietary factors such as an of carbohydrates, and stress.. ..
achmed zaoie